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Current Environmental Issue EcoStation Test Area IV Envirothon Four years of tests are available:
1. What type of recreation was not mentioned in the Ecological Impacts of Recreational Use of Trails article?
2. What was not mentioned as a common type of stressor caused by recreation in the Ecological Impacts of Recreational Use of Trails article?
3. Horses destroy ___ times as much cover as hikers.
4. For birds, what type of recreational use was cited as the most disturbing from the Ecological Impacts of Recreational Use of Trails article?
5. In 1997, non-consumptive public land activities generated over $35.5 million and ____ jobs in Ohio.
6. In billions of dollars, how much income was generated by Ohio State Parks in 1999?
7. What are non-consumptive recreational activities?
8. Technology increases can lead to increased access to difficult to reach habitats, which can result in decreased recreational impacts.
9. If you are ___ years or older, you need a fishing license to legally fish in Ohio.
10. There were 31 Ohio Hunter Injury Incident reported in 2006. What percent were fatal?
11. You need permission to hunt on someone else’s private land.
12. One of the species that ODNR tries to track during migration is the Osprey.
13. ODNR Division of Wildlife website provides information on what animal-related diseases that occur in Ohio?
14. Canoeing and Biking are important recreational activities along the LMR State Park.
15. Hunting is permitted at Caesar’s Creek State park.
16. The Little Miami River was Ohio’s first designated National Scenic River and its third designated State Scenic River.
17. There are over ____ nature preserves in Ohio.
18. Some State nature preserves are only open through written permits, so that ____ can be protected.
19. In Ohio, there are ____ State Scenic Rivers.
20. The Emerald Ash Borer is having a staggering effect on Ohio’s forests. The Emerald Ash borer is a (an) _____.
21. Ohio is now more than ____ percent forested, compared to just ____ percent in the early 1900’s.
22. The ODNR Division of Forestry will reforest rural lands. 23. Overfishing could cause which of the following to occur in a fish community:
24. The Little Miami River is designated a ____ Difficulty Class river for boating and canoeing.
25. Which is not a major environmental impact that recreational areas can cause?
1)
According to the National Averages from the U.S. Department of Energy,
about _______ percent of an average home energy bill goes to heating water. 2) The largest
portion of the utility bill for a typical home is for 3) Today,
the modern equivalent of a windmill is called a __________________ and 4) Unlike
a conventional vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle typically combines ______________________________
with _________________________. 5) Fuel cell
vehicles aren’t yet commercially available because of 6) Inside
the typical fuel cell, _________ and ___________ combine to produce 7) If fueled
with pure hydrogen, fuel cells emit only _________ and ____________ 8) The Department
of Energy and the FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program has two
major goals in their development of fuel cells and hybrid propulsion systems.
The first goal is to emit little or no pollution. The second goal is 9) Which of
the following is not a source of biomass energy or “bioenergy”? 10) What crops,
sometimes referred to as surplus crops, serve as feedstocks for biomass
fuels? 11) A thick
wall, painted black, made of a material that absorbs a lot of heat, is
12) Thin film
solar cells use layers of ________________ materials only a few micrometers
thick. 13) Only sunlight
of certain energies will work efficiently to create electricity, and much
of it is reflected or absorbed by the material that make up the cell.
Because of this, a typical commercial solar cell has an efficiency of
__________. 14) Alternative
energy sources can be divided into two categories, nonrenewable and renewable.
Which of the following would be considered nonrenewable? 15) In mobile
machinery, electricity is not a good replacement for oil. This is the
limitation many alternative energy sources have where electricity is the
end product. Which of the following is not one of the many reasons for
this? 16) Which
of the following is a drawback to using hydroelectric power? 17) Electricity
that is generated from renewable energy sources is often referred to as
___________________. 18) Which
of the following renewable energy sources currently supplies the largest
amount of electricity in the U.S.? 19) The greatest
solar resources in the U.S. are located in the __________________ states,
where sufficient solar energy falls on an area of 100 miles by 100 miles
to provide all of the nation’s electricity requirements. 20) Air emissions
associated with generating electricity from ______________, ______________,
and ______________ technologies are negligible because no fuels are combusted
in these processes. 21) Although
geothermal energy exists everywhere in the United States, it is not easy
to extract unless it is ________________________________________. 22) Which
of the following areas in the United States has the greatest potential
for generating electricity from geothermal energy? 23) Fuel cells
that electrochemically combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity
and heat offer the promise of making hydrogen an ideal universal fuel.
However, which of the following disadvantages does NOT apply to hydrogen? 24) Even though
the installation price of a geothermal heat pump system for a residence
is several times the price of a conventional heat pump system, the additional
costs are returned to the homeowner in energy savings. This commonly takes
about ___________. 25) Individual
solar cells are typically combined into modules that hold about 40 cells.
Many of these modules are combined together to form groups that can be
mounted to collect sunlight and convert it to electricity. These groups
are called _______________. Water Stewardship in a Changing Climate 1) Climate change is
predicted to impact seasonal temperatures in Ohio. Which of the following
will most likely be seen by the year 2100? 2) Changes in precipitation
as part of climate change will affect agriculture through altering the
water supply. Which of the following is predicted to be most likely? 3) Human health will be impacted
by climate change. Which of the following is a predicted impact due to
changes in water quality? 4) In what way will the total
volume of fresh water in Ohio change by the year 2100? 5) All of the following gases
are greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, with the exception
of: 6) Because of an increased
concentration of greenhouse gases by the year 2100, which of the following
climate changes are predicted at a global level? 8) “Nutrient trading” programs
under the Clean Water Act would: 9) Since the pre-industrial
era, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased by nearly
_________%. 10) The Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change was created to: 12) There are simple, practical
solutions to global warming and its effects on the Great Lakes region.
There are actions we can take today to prevent the worst climate change
impacts from happening and to minimize the impacts we can no longer avoid.
What is the solution that can potentially have the greatest impact? 13) Any serious effort to reduce
our contribution to global climate change must decrease our reliance on
fossil fuels and increase generation of electricity from clean renewable
sources. The Great Lakes region has a bounty of renewable resources available
today. All should be explored, with concentration on the least expensive
to produce. Which of the following renewable resource is currently the
most expensive? 14) Which renewable resource
is both cost-efficient and the least disruptive ecologically? 15) Climate change models for
Lake Superior and Lake Michigan-Huron predict changes for the years 2020
– 2090 as well as changes with a CO2-doubling. In summarizing all the
predictions, what is shown in the majority of cases? 16) Recreation in the Great
Lakes region is over an $85 billion dollar industry. Which of the following
impact on recreational use is most likely to occur with climate change?
17) Good stewardship of natural
resources is an important adaptation to climate change. Which of these
steps can best help counteract the future climate regime through conserving
soil and water? 18) Water resources are interconnected
through watersheds, soil drainage and flow into rivers, lakes and ultimately
oceans. Because of the impact of each user and the interconnection of
waterways, which of the following would be the most effective way for
Ohioans to work to address water stewardship and climate change issues?
19) Global warming is expected
to have what impact on precipitation trends? 20) Diverse wildlife habitats
can be found and created in many different locations. Wild, uninhabited
(by humans), open space usually comes to mind when we think of good wildlife
habitat. Other valuable wildlife habitats however, can also be found in
other areas. In the past few years, a specialized, wildlife conservation
program/approach has been developed that allows people from urban and
city locations to also plan and manage for wildlife. What is the name
of this conservation program/approach? 23) Defining what characteristics
will be used to determine what is and isn’t a wetland has caused a great
deal of disagreement among many interested groups and government agencies
(both those in favor of protecting wetlands and those in favor of draining
or filling them). After much discussion, the federal agencies responsible
for wetland delineations have come to agree on three basic characteristics
that are used to evaluate potential wetland sites. These characteristics
are: 24) In wetland restoration,
it is important to look for land that will produce the water regime that
will create the wetland habitat most accommodating to the greatest diversity
of wildlife. Thus, wildlife biologists and wetland designers look for
certain types of sites that typically provide the best opportunities for
wetland restoration. In Ohio the best potential sites for most wetland
impoundments are what type of areas? 25) Adapting agricultural practices
can reduce carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to global warming.
All of the following are recommended practices, EXCEPT for ______________.
1. The National Park Service recommends historical sites be evaluated by several specialists. The recommendation does not include: a. Historians b. Landscape historians c. Architectural historians d. Watershed coordinators
2. The National Park Service provides several suggestions when completing a rural survey for an historic site. Which is not one of the recommendations? a. Use historic contexts as a primary source for information. b.
Use the statement of historic contexts as a guide for identifying historic
properties and c.
Be well-equipped as you enter the field with both a knowledge of the history
of the d. Be sensitive to ongoing rural activities and the rights of property owners
3.Which answer is not a factor in the definition of a rural historic landscape? a. Human activity b. Occupancy c. Intervention d. Human development
4.The National Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP) is
a leading advocate and a. An information clearinghouse on historic landscape practices b. An information clearinghouse on preservation practices c. A curator for the collection of historic American homes d. An advocate for federal, state, and local legislation protecting architectural, cultural, and maritime heritage
5.Preserving and protecting a cultural resource is impossible without reliable information on its condition and without: a. The ability to monitor change b. The ability to monitor stream capacity c. The ability to determine natural vegetation d. The ability to determine prior land uses
6. The intent of the standards developed by the _______________are
to assist the long- a. National Manager of Historic Landmarks b. Federal Manager of Historic Preservation c. Secretary of Internal Affairs d. Secretary of the Interior
7. "______________" is defined as "the process
of returning a property to a state of a. Rehabilitation b. Historic preservation c. Period restoration d. Landscape revitalization
8. The goals of the Preble County Historical Society are to continue to provide an historic oasis and to preserve _________________, the agricultural setting, and the history of Preble County. a. Historic buildings b. Local landmarks c. The scenic beauty d. The natural landscape
9. Sara Swartsel’s objectives for sharing and preserving
the Swartsel farm were a. To provide for and encourage plantings and horticultural activities b.
To encourage and provide space and physical facilities for activities
of a cultural and c. To provide for local landmarks d.
To encourage and provide space and physical facilities for activities
of a cultural and
10. After the War of 1812, Dr. Daniel Drake estimated that land value in Preble county changed drastically. Select the change in estimated land value from the list below. a. 25% to 50% decrease b. 25% to 35% increase c. 25% to 50% increase d. 25% to 35% increase
11. Sometimes historic preservation and improving water
quality are at odds with one a. A streamside herb garden b. A low dam c. An old canal d. An historic mill
12. In terms of preserving and improving water quality,
please select the most important a. Parking lots and roadways b. Low dams c. Floodplains and wetlands d. Flood levees
13.Ohio has experienced relatively rapid rates of land
being converted from rural to a.
Better stream health because urban areas are less densely populated than
they used to b.
Better stream health because all the new homes being built are tied to
sanitary sewers c.
Worse stream health because new development in rural areas increases the
amount of d. Worse stream health because people are living closer to their places of work
14. Which of the following common Ohio tree species has
likely benefited the most from a. White Ash b. Sugar Maple c. Red Oak d. Black Cherry
15. The livelihood of 20th century rural Appalachian families
was most hurt by which of a. Oak wilt b. Chestnut blight c. Dutch elm disease d. Verticillium wilt
16. Which of the following non-native woodland invasive
species was not once planted a. Amur Honeysuckle b. Multiflora Rose c. Garlic Mustard d. Russian Olive
17. Between 1800 and 2000 forest cover in Ohio dropped
from about 95% to 30% a. 80% b. 60% c. 30% d. 10%
18. Riparian buffer strips along streams are beneficial
to protecting landscapes from a. Examination of soil maps b. On-site investigations c. Studying soil descriptions d. Analyzing plant populations
19. Agriculture in Preble
County when it was first
settled involved all of the following a. Better drained soils were used for cropland b. Areas needing extensive drainage systems were settled last c. Swampy and wet soils were maintained as wetlands d. Swamps and wet soils were used for pasture
20. The soil survey gives ratings for soil suitabilities
for growing cultivated crops. The a. WeA b. FgC2 c. MoB d. OkA
21. The proposed education center to be built at the farm
is planned to be located on the a. Wetness b. Slope c. Excessive permeability d. Erosion
22. Wildlife species can sometimes adapt to cultural landscapes to the extent of
utilizing them instead of
their historical habitats. This is true of the peregrine falcon. a.
The population is decreasing because predation of young falcons is higher
in b. The population is increasing because people in the cities are feeding the falcons c.
The population is decreasing because of the air pollution associated with
metropolitan d.
The population is increasing because the manmade structures simulate the
natural cliff
23. Hunting, trapping and fishing are part of our cultural heritage. They also play an
important role in the management
of Ohio’s wildlife resources. Money generated by a. An annual hunting license for the state of Ohio b. An Ohio Wetland Habitat Stamp c. A Federal Duck Stamp d. All of the above
24. This native Ohio bird was at one time the most common game bird in the United States. Unregulated hunting to provide meat for the open markets of the past combined with the intense deforestation of the eastern United States during the 1700 and 1800’s resulted in the extinction of this bird. Name the species of bird a. Dodo bird b. Rock Dove c. Passenger pigeon d. Ivory-billed woodpecker
25. Some nonnative plant and animal introductions have
brought around many positive a. Pheasants are a popular game bird b. Pheasants are a frequent subject in wildlife art c. Habitat management for pheasants benefits many species of native wildlife d. All of the above
1) With the exploding development in the suburbs or bedroom communities, we now can observe how urban land use affects water quality. Headwater streams are being piped, filled in, rerouted or encroached upon, causing degradation of streams. Which statement is correct about headwater streams? a. Headwater streams do not dilute pollutants before they enter larger streams. b. Headwater streams help dilute nutrients before they enter larger streams. c. Increase water temperature is not an issue with urbanization. d. Ground water or base flow contributions to headwater streams increase with urbanization. e. Impacts to headwater streams do not affect larger streams that they flow into. 2) As urban areas continue to grow there is an increase in impervious surfaces, which means the natural environment is being removed as development occurs. In a natural setting with more vegetation there is less trap heat but with an urban environment there is more trap heat. This is because the asphalt, rooftops, concrete and buildings trap the heat and cause an increase in temperature. This is called? a. Urban heat island b. Green space c. Terrestrial emmittions d. Global warming e. None of the above 3) A developer who wants to put as many homes in as possible bought this farm. The developer decides to design the subdivision with quarter acre lots. This means there will be a dramatic increase of impervious surfaces compared to its natural setting. What statement is correct about the hydrologic cycle? a. Run off will decrease. b. Evaporation will decrease c. Infiltration and ground water contribution will increase. d. Infiltration will decrease. 4) As urbanization increases there is less infiltration and water contributing to the ground water table. As population increases in these urbanizing areas they have to pull more water from the ground water supplies for drinking water. With the decrease of infiltration and increase of drinking water the ground water levels drop, which can create subsidence or sinkholes. The developer does not want to take the chance and is incorporating infiltration processes with his stormwater design. He is asking you which soils are best for infiltration and recharging the ground water levels.
5) _________ is known as the speeding up of erosion due to human activity.
6) Which of the following is not a step that a community could take to allow surface water to infiltrate and recharge groundwater aquifers?
7) Which of the following is not considered non-point source pollution?
8) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers a stream that is under _______ of drainage area to be a primary headwater stream.
9) Which of the following is not a benefit to protecting primary headwater streams?
10) _______ percent of stream miles in Ohio are composed of primary headwater streams.
11) Point source pollution is the principal cause of surface water quality degradation.
12) Urban areas contribute to nonpoint source pollution through surface runoff and storm sewers.
13) What would cause the higher and lower temperature in the different landscapes or land uses?
14) In natural settings, very little rainfall is converted to runoff because most is infiltrated into the soil, which supplies deep-water aquifers. In urban areas, less rainfall is infiltrated and more is converted to runoff. Which of the following is not a result of increased stormwater runoff?
15) Developers are generally required to submit site plans to help local officials determine whether proposed development complies with land use regulations. Each site plan should contain a stormwater management plan addressing the impact the proposed land use will have on water quantity and quality. To assist in reviewing stormwater management plans, there are four basic principles, called the “Four Cs” of stormwater management, which provide a framework for effective plan review. Which of the following is not one of the “Four Cs” of Stormwater Management? a. Cleansing b. Collection c. Control d. Compost 16) Pet waste can be a major source of bacteria and excess nutrients if not disposed of properly. These pollutants often show up in stormwater, contributing to adverse effects on plants, fish, animals and people and drinking water sources. When walking your pet, what is the proper method to dispose of pet waste? a. Dump pet waste into the storm drain b. Dump the pet waste into the nearest creek c. Flush the pet waste into the toilet d. Leave the pet waste on the ground 17) There are many things residential owners can do around the home to prevent stormwater pollution and add value to their property, both financially and environmentally. Which of the following could be incorporated into the landscaping plan specifically to utilize rainwater and prevent stormwater pollution? a. Rain garden b. Rain barrel c. Permeable pavement d. All of the above 18) Phase I of the NPDES (National Pollution Discharge Elimination System) Permit Program addressed construction activities over 5 acres of disturbed land. The new Stormwater Phase II Rule extends coverage of the NPDES storm water program. One distinct difference between Phase I and Phase II, is that Phase II requires permits for construction activities greater than ______ acres of disturbed land. a. 1 b. 2 c. 10 d. 20 19) Nonpoint Source Pollution has been associated with water quality standard violations and the impairment of designated uses of surface waters. What pollutants are most responsible for nonpoint source impacts to the Nation’s surface waters? a. Hydrocarbons and road salts b. Pathogens and heavy metals c. Siltation and nutrients d. Toxics 20) When transplanting a tree it is best to plant the tree where relative to the root collar? a. root collar level with the soil surface b. root collar significantly above the soil surface c. root collar significantly below the soil surface d. it does not matter as the tree will adapt 21) Which of the following conditions is commonly found when balled and burlap trees are improperly planted in clay soils? a. mortality due to drought b. girdling roots c. armillaria root rot d. witches-broom 22) Which of the following common urban tree diseases leads to the mortality of Norway Maples? a. verticillium wilt b. fire-blight c. anthracnose d. cytospora canker 23) The Johnston family, like many of the modern residents in the Miami Valley, probably relied on ground water as the source for the water that they drank, cooked in, and used to water their livestock. What is the term for the area where this groundwater comes to the surface?
24) Which of the following is not a form of geologic or “natural” erosion?
25) Which of the following is not considered a way to alter habitat within a stream?
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